Corporate Governance Degree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Governance Degree - Essay Example Corporate governance is the collection of laws, rules and ways that regulate the interactions and relationships between the owners i.e. capital providers, the governing body i.e. the board or boards in the two-tier system), senior managers and other people that take part in the decision making process and are affected by the dispositions and business activities of the company. Corporate governance exists in its own space. It shows the economic, historical, cultural and legal characteristics of a nation along with its business history and corporate sector. It is shaped by the ownership structures, ways of that particular economy and the available financing options. It includes the role of the financial markets, the banking and insurance sectors and the government in the form of shareholders and capital providers in some nations. "Corporate governance deals with the ways in which suppliers of finance to corporations assure themselves of getting a return on their investment", says Andrei Shleifer and Robert W. Vishny. The system of corporate governanc... hich may occur because different board structures are associated with different arrangements for establishing executive pay (Schwalbach, Joachim, Conyon, Martin J., 2000). Variations present in these areas shows some of the considerable differences among all the governance models. Corporate governance has inevitable relationship with the ownership, control structures and patterns prevalent in an economy, adds Miguel A. Mendez. Eventuating ownership and explaining the agency factor i.e. the owners of the firm hire managers in order to control and manage the assets of the firm is an internal feature of the firm and central to every corporate governance model. "Britain and the US are viewed as similar enough to contrast with Japan and Germany, the benefits of external shareholding, capital markets and the profit-motive competing with committed investors, insider control and the mixed objectives of several stakeholders", says Robert Fitzgerald and Etsuo Abe (Fitzgerald and Abe, 2004). The role of Openness and Efficiency The space of the board i.e. its freedom to execute a judgment in the motive of the benefit of all shareholders and can be defined on behalf of all stakeholders is both inevitable as well as crucial. The freedom of the governing body depends on the way it is organized including the factors like who are the chairman of the board and the top-most leadership positions of other crucial genre like chairmanship of nomination and audit committees, vice-chairmanship, and managing directorship. It also depends upon the composition

A frosty rime Essay Example for Free

A frosty rime Essay Early in the book the reader is encouraged to take a negative view of Scrooge through the following type of descriptions And even Scrooge was not so dreadfully cut up by the sad event, but he was an excellent man of business on the day of the funeral, this quotation shows that Scrooge is so cold and disrespectful that he would prefer to attend his business than go to his sole friend, and partners funeral. He was supposed to be the sole mourner at Marleys funeral, which makes you pity Marley that no one was mourning his death and despise Scrooge for being so mean and not paying his respects to his dead friend and partner. Dickens paints a picture of Scrooge in your head with a string of rapid adjectives such as a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner! This use of negative descriptive language immediately creates an image of him, which makes the reader dislike him. Dickens uses words that relate to cold in his descriptions of scrooge, The cold within him froze, A frosty rime, chill, No wind that blew was bitterer and so on. He uses the word cold to put forward a view of Scrooge as a dark, cold, bitter person, and often reminds us of this by using these words throughout the beginning of the text. In fact between the pages 11 and 13 there are at least 30 words that are associated with the word cold. Most people enjoy Christmas but not Scrooge, whats Christmas but a time for paying bills without money; a time for finding yourself a year older, but not an hour richer; a time for balancing your books and having every item in em through a round dozen of months presented dead against you. This outburst of bad points about Christmas shocks the reader. How can anyone despise Christmas so much? This makes you question whether he has any emotions at all. We feel even more against Scrooge when he asked why his nephew got married and in reply his nephew answered, Because I fell in love. Then Scrooge replied, as if that were the only one thing in the world more ridiculous than merry Christmas. So for all the romantics out there this is a very cold, heartless thing to say. There is a complete dichotomy between Scrooge and his nephew one a kind, caring, cheerful man the other a cold, greedy, lonely man Scrooge said one of the meanest comments in the book after being asked to give a donation to the poor. He asked whether prisons and workhouses were still open and why the poor werent there. The men answered, Many cant go there; and many would rather die. And Scrooge said spitefully, If they would rather die they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population . At this point we have developed strong negative emotions and thoughts towards Scrooge. Even though the beginning of the story is packed with negative feelings about Scrooge there are some points where you sympathize with him Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with gladsome looks, My dear Scrooge, how are you? When will you come and see me? This partly explains why he has turned out the way he has as he is very lonely. This leads us to reflect on his childhood. He had a very lonely and neglected childhood, A solitary child, neglected by his friends, is left there still. You cant neglect children (this was a serious issue in Victorian Britain) and expect them to grow into caring adults. There are clear parallels between the lonely Christmases of his childhood and Scrooges current lifestyle, solitary as an oyster, thin lips blue. We understand and sympathize with Scrooge when the ghost of Marley haunts him, Marleys ghost is a stereotypical Victorian ghost, rattling chains, wailing etc. Most people would be scared if his or her dead partner and friend came back to them as a ghost. So was Scrooge although he makes out he had no emotions, Scrooge trembled more and more. Marley tried to warn Scrooge not to make the same mistake he did, I am here to-night to warn you, that you have yet a chance and hope of escaping my fate. Yet Scrooge still refuses to listen which shows he is stubborn, I I think Id rather not, But we can understand this, as he is very scared. In stave four we are looking through scrooges eyes at people who are criticising him. We sympathise with Scrooge when the men are discussing the dead man who we assume is Scrooge. We assume this because they imply the person is very stingy even when dead, Its likely to be a very cheap funeral. And that he is rich What has he done with his money. These men are very hypocritical. They are very rich yet they are bickering over Scrooges wealth. These men are mocking and laughing at this dead man and then considering just going to the funeral if food is provided, I dont mind if lunch is provided. This quotation shows that they have no respect for this man and makes us pity him. In the final stave there is a lot of humour behind Scrooge. He has become a kind, giving, joyful man, I am as light as a feather, as happy as an angel, as merry as a schoolboy. I am as giddy as a drunken man. This quotation makes us laugh at Scrooge, but also with him. The reader shifts his emotions and sympathies for Scrooge from disliking him at the beginning of the book, to not being bothered what happens to him towards the middle and finally sympathizing with him by the end.

John Quincy Adams Essay -- Biography Biographies

John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams was the only son of a president to become president. He had an impressive political background that began at the age of fourteen. He was an intelligent and industrious individual. He was a man of strong character and high principles. By all account, his presidency should have been a huge success, yet it wasn't. John Quincy Adams' presidency was frustrating and judged a failure because of the scandal, attached to his election, the pettiness of his political rivals, and his strong character. John Quincy Adams was born on July 1767, in Braintree Massachusetts. His parents were John and Abigail Adams. "Quincy, had every advantage as a youngster. At the time of his birth, his father was an increasingly admired and prospering lawyer, and his mother Abigail Smith Adams, was the daughter of an esteemed minister, whose wife's family combined two prestigious and influential lines, the Nortons and the Quincys. Accompanying his father on diplomatic missions in Europe, young John Quincy Adams received a splendid education at private schools in Paris, Leiden, and Amsterdam, early developing his penchant for omnivorous reading." He was able to speak several languages. At the age of fourteen, he was asked to serve as secretary and translator to Francis Dana, the first US ambassador to Russia. "Despite his age, young Adams was a valuable aid to the consul; he enjoyed Russia and the exposure to diplomatic circles." He later returned to the United States and attended Harvard. "He graduated in two years and entered the law offices of Theophilus Parsons in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Passing the bar in 1790, he set up practice in Boston." In 1794 John began his long political career. George Washington appo... ...r the country realized his important contribution. " I should of been one of the greatest benefactors of my country.... But the connective power of mind was not conferred upon me but by my Maker, and I have not improved the scanty portions of His gifts as I might and ought to have done." His presidency was judged a failure due in a large part to the presidential scandal he seemed unable to overcome. His rivals were responsible for keeping it alive in everyone's minds. They never let the public forget his "Corrupt Bargain" with Clay. They also doomed almost every piece of important legislation he had tried to pass. Adams' own integrity allowed his rivals free reign. His own high standards about refusing to abuse his office resulted in his rivals retaining their positions of power. The scandal, political rivals, and his own integrity doomed his presidency to failure.

Essays --

There are two main goals when it comes to the juvenile justice system: reducing crime and rehabilitation. Status offender’s cases and delinquent cases differ when it comes to processing and when it is time to face a judge in court. A delinquent offense is an act committed by a juvenile for which they can be tried as an adult and be prosecuted in criminal court. Running away from home, truancy, curfew violation and underage drinking are examples of status offenses. They aren’t punished with such harshness as a delinquent offender would. All of these behaviors are not always considered law violations. These behaviors in many states are viewed as indicators that the child is in need of supervision and they often respond to the behavior with the outcome being social services. This different characterization of status offenses causes them to be handled more like dependency than delinquency cases. This is why the juvenile courts should definitely be split into two separate courts. Of course there’s going to be advantages and disadvantages to this process. I do feel that both taxpayers an...

Cleverness: Woman and Virtue Essay

he association of intelligence or cleverness with virtuous or admirable women had begun as early in the querelle as 1558 4, with Marguerite de Navarre’s collection of short stories now called the Heptameron. Many of the stories, such as Story 2, Day 1 (â€Å"The Mule-Driver’s Wife†) and Story 2, Day 3 (â€Å"Sister Marie and the Prior†) are simple examples of feminine virtue as chastity, but several stories present this virtue in combination with wit. At this point it is still quite early in the querelle, too early for any reshaping of the feminine ideal. Accordingly, Mme. de Navarre seems to view intelligence as more of an asset than a virtue, providing a woman with two advantages: the ability to defend her own chastity, and to avenge herself of wrongs done her. Story 5, Day 1 is an example of the first: a poor boatwoman â€Å"as virtuous as she was clever† outwits two lecherous friars, leaving them stranded on different small islands in the middle of the river. They entreat her not to thus put them to shame. â€Å"I should be doubly foolish if, after escaping out of your hands, I were to put myself into them again,† she replies. â€Å"Wait now, sirs, till the angel of God comes to console you; for you shall have nought that could please you from me to-day. â€Å"5 Her cleverness, which the male narrator-character makes certain to point out as one of her good qualities, allows her to singlehandedly preserve her chastity. This conventional view of feminine virtue is made progressive by the heroine’s intelligence. Most virtuous female characters would have either had to rely on the protection of men, or have suffered the fate of the mule-driver’s wife: death rather than disgrace. The boatwoman’s intelligence gives her power. The second advantage of intelligence has a much more shocking example: that of Story 8, Day 1. In this tale, the â€Å"upright and virtuous wife† of a man named Bornet learns that her husband and his friend are sharing a plot to sleep with her maid-servant. Rather than simply prevent this from happening, the wife substitutes herself for the servant, â€Å"not in the manner of a wife, but after the fashion of a frightened maid. This she did so well that her husband suspected nothing. â€Å"6 When the friend’s turn comes, he takes her ring as a keepsake, and the ring alerts the husband to the deception. The cuckoldry is considered just recompense for his wrongs, while the (adulterous! ) wife is still considered virtuous enough to give her husband a lofty lecture on marital faithfulness. Here, the wife’s cleverness gives her astonishing power over her husband, and because she uses it to avenge his straying eye, it renders her own actions blameless. Surely, without the supplementary virtue of intelligence, this wife would not have any virtue left at all according to the standards of the time. Intelligence may not yet be enough of a virtue to create a virtuous woman in the world of the Heptameron, but like a virtue it already covers a multitude of sins. The fact that these tales and those like them are intermixed with less pro-woman stories of vulgar or stupid women does not render them any less of a defense of women’s virtue and intelligence; rather, it is only a consequence of Mme. de Navarre’s intention to create a wholly realistic environment. In order to depict the diverse group storytellers recounting their various views on â€Å"the ill-turns which have been done by Women to Men and by Men to Women,† she had to give both sides equal voice, as would only be natural in a two-sided exchange. The presence of the stories praising intelligence in women remains significant and a mark of progress. But although these heroines’ intelligence is undoubtedly a benefit to them and an estimable attribute of their characters, it does not afford them the full dignity of a true virtue. It enables escape by deception and revenge by trickery; it serves as a plot device; it provides humor. It is wit or cleverness, rather than wisdom or genius; and unlike chastity, it is not sacred or worth dying for. Intelligence as a genuine virtue would have to wait for later works of the querelle des femmes.

Essay Transition Words You May Need

Essay Transition Words You May Need Essay Transition Words You May Need When it gets to working on the style of the text, many students, at both high school and college, fall into despair, not knowing what to do. Stylistic methods are not taught at regular schools and it becomes really difficult to tailor the text to make it interesting and catchy. Did you know that programs, which check text’s readability pay attention to transition words and it may greatly influence the results? That is why one of the best advice we can give you at once is that you need to try and insert transition words from the beginning of the process, not when you are already editing your text. This will help you to provide a necessary flow from the first line and stick to it along the way. For such reasons we decided to create an article, which will contain all the necessary elements, so-called transition words that improve any written assignment. We will discuss four main groups of transition words: sequential, casual, additive and adversative. Sequential Any time you need to make a list of something in a prose, you will need sequential transition words, as in most of the cases a list with numbers will seem unprofessional or boring. For example, firstly, to start with, finally, afterwards, previously and others. The list of such words is almost endless and you can use them without any repetitions. The main thing you should remember is that such transition words are irreplaceable if you want your paragraphs to follow a certain sequence. If you want to show that certain points are interlinked, try to use transition words of one category, like firstly, secondary and thirdly. This will help the reader to understand that the matters are related. Casual When you want to show that a certain point or matter has caused or followed something from the previous paragraph, you might need casual transition words. You have probably heard of such words, as: Consequently; As a result; Therefore; Since; Otherwise and much more. Using such transition words is very simple: if you see that two sentences or paragraphs are related in a cause/effect manner, you can insert casual words to explain such a relationship. For example, you can write ‘due to the bad weather, my train was late and I missed the play’ instead of ‘The weather was bad.   The train was late. I missed the play’. The first option sounds much better, doesn’t it? Additive The third group of transition words is used, when you need to show that the sentence or paragraph is an addition to the previous one. Some people confuse such words with sequential ones, although they have one basic difference. Additive words are used, when the whole list of points or events follows a certain sequence, while in case with additive words – only one point is related to the previous one. Such words include similarly, likewise, in addition, in other words, for instance.   In most of the cases they are used to illustrate the previous idea and in situations, when a long and wordy sentence is broken into several parts. The reader will find it very difficult to read a long and confusing sentence, which contains multiple details and features. Although if you dilute it with additive transition words, you will make the text readable and smooth, noticing links between various points. Adversative The last group of transition words has nothing in common with additive ones. On contrary, it is completely different and aims to show a conflict. You can use such words, as nonetheless, however, regardless or otherwise to show how two ideas or points of view are different. Such transition words are often used in argumentative essays or research papers, where you need to present opposite points of view on the same subject and show which side you are on. You won’t be able to remember all the transition words and, to be honest, it is quite meaningless and will only take lots of your time. The best way to operate such words correctly is to remember the mentioned groups and the types of sentences they are used with. In such a way, you will always be able to decide what word you need simply by looking at the paragraph and knowing, whether it contains a sequence, a cause, an addition or a conflict. A great advice will also be to read as much as you can to broaden your vocabulary and improve your lexis. Always facing new stylistic elements and getting familiar with various styles will surely help you to succeed and improve your essay, making it interesting, smooth and readable.

11 Best Writing Blogs to Master the Craft of Creative Writing

11 Best Writing Blogs to Master the Craft of Creative Writing 11 Best Writing Blogs to Master the Craft of Creative Writing Writing blogs are some of the best resources to become a better writer, which lets be real, is the goal of all writers.You already know this:Writing is hard.It’s so difficult, in fact, that there are countless writing tips and resources online dedicated to helping you better understand and improve the craft.We here at Self-Publishing School are even committed to giving you the best advice out there.But we wanted to offer you more by highlighting blogs about writing that contain solid advice for writing.Weve compiled a list of the best writing blogs on the internet for you to learn and grow from.Here are the best writing blogs we’ll cover for you:The Write LifeWriters DigestWrite to DoneThe Write PracticeCount Blogula by Jenna MoreciThe Creative PennTerribleminds by Chuck WendigDaily Writing TipsBetter Novel ProjectWell-StoriedShayla RaquelIf You’re Ready to Start Writing NOW Watch This FirstDon’t waste any more writing time than you already have.Before we get into the meat of which writing blogs are the best and what unique qualities they have to offer, let’s set you down the path for success.You’re here because you want to learn which blogs about writing are the best.We get it. In fact, we already put together a free training guide for you with all the information you need to know.Join Chandler Bolt at his FREE Webinar Training as he reveals the exact tactics and strategies he used to write and publish 6 bestselling books in a row and how he used them to build a 7-figure business in less than 2 years!Spots are limited!Click Here to Save Your SpotBest Writing Blogs for Tips and AdviceIf you’re not quite serious yet about getting your book published yet, we’ve put together a list of the best writing blogs to learn how to write a book from.Let’s dive into exactly what these writing blogs have to offer and why you should be paying close attention to them if you want to improve your writing, start you r book, and publish it on Amazon (or wherever else you want to publish it through)!#1 The Write LifeIf you’ve been searching through for writing blogs long enough, you’re probably already aware of all The Write Life has to offer.This blog about writing is a fantastic resource for writers of all kind.Whether you’re looking to write a book for the first time or jump into the freelance writing community, The Write Life has you covered.They even have tips for blogging and marketing. All the bases are covered!Make sure to check out their helpful writing blog posts and read the comments for extra help from their dedicated community.Click here to check out this writing blog!#2 Writer’s DigestIf you love writing tips by writers, this is one of the top writing blogs to visit.This writing blog is all about uncovering your potential through real, easy-to-follow blog posts that simplify more complicated issues in the writing community.They even host competitions, f eature blog posts by editors, and give you insights to events they host or even attend.If you’re someone who loves to physically join a writing group, you’ll love this writing blog and all it has to offer.Click here to check out this writing blog!#3 Write to DoneThere are a lot of different avenues writers have to be aware of when it comes to building a successful career from their work.And Write to Done gives you just that!Being both a creative writing blog along with covering nonfiction writing, Write to Done teaches you how to master a number of different techniques and habits geared toward helping you succeed in the literary world.You don’t want to miss out on all the writing advice they have to offer along with motivational material to help you keep it up.Click here to check out Write to Done.#4 The Write PracticeThe Write Practice is a massive source of helpful information for writers everywhere. They cover writing blog posts touching on topics revolving around key writing practices, writing exercises, and even writing prompts to get your mind stirring.You won’t be without help with The Write Practice.Not only do they offer free help through their blog posts, but they also have programs, writing contests, and help involving your author platform in general.Click here to check out The Write Practice.#5 Count Blogula by Jenna MoreciJenna Moreci is an Award-Nominated Self-Published Author with two novels on Amazon, in libraries, and on shelves all over the country.Count Blogula is her writing blog where aspiring authors congregate to ask specific writing, marketing, and publishing questions to be answered by this wildly successful Youtuber and Self-Published Author.Moreci is honest (sometimes brutally in the best way), real, and lets all writers know what it truly takes to make a career out of writing.Head on over to her blog if you want to scroll through pages and pages and pages of free writing advice by someone who has been through it all before.Click here to check out Count Blogula by Jenna Moreci.#6 The Creative PennIf your goal is to make writing a job, it’s worth giving The Creative Penn a read.This website has writing blog posts covering topics from genre-specific writing advice to marketing to publishing tips.Joanna Penn is an Award-nominated, New York Times and USA Today bestselling author and she runs The Creative Penn to teach others how to reach her level of success with their books.She has a number of writing-specific books available for purchase along with podcasts, courses, specific tools, and more. This is one of the best blogs about writing to add to your arsenal.Click here to check out The Creative Penn.#7 Terribleminds by Chuck WendigChuck Wendig has a must-acquire-a-taste-for personality. He’s curt, brutal, and gives humor to his writing tips and advice for aspiring authors.His writing blog covers topics ranging from his own personal work and the work of others to hel p you specifically ask for.You’ll never be bored with Wendig’s unique delivery style and real advice.Click here to check out Terribleminds by Chuck Wendig.#8 Daily Writing TipsDaily Writing Tips is exactly as it sounds; they give writing tips for aspiring authors daily.Their advice ranges from writing-specific to motivation to oddities, like words that Shakespeare invented.If you’re someone who wants to improve the craft of writing with very specific tips and tricks, this is the place to frequent. You’ll never want for more help with Daily Writing Tips.Click here to check out Daily Writing Tips.#9 Better Novel ProjectIf you love doodles along with writing tips, this is the site for you.Better Novel Project has a number of different writing blog posts centered around helping you become a better writer.From NaNoWriMo content to blog posts all about genres, writer life, character development, and even writing scene-specific details.It’s easy to get lost the abundance of content available for you on this writing blog so be careful, but get your fill.Click here to check out Better Novel Project.#10 Well-StoriedKristen Kieffer is the author behind Well-Storied, as well as an author of fantasy and writing resources.Not only does she offer great writing advice, but her dedication to helping writers uncover their true abilities is nearly unmatched.You can check out her free courses, listen to the podcast, and even participate in her community chats.Well-Storied has an abundance of help in the writing-world and you’ll be better off by tuning in regularly!Click here to check out Well-Storied.#11 Shayla RaquelShayla Raquel’s writing blog is filled to the brim will knowledge regarding all aspects of writing. From prepping to writing to marketing, she has you covered.As an editor and seasoned writer herself, Shayla works one-on-one with authors nearly every day. She has edited over 300 books and launched Amazon Bestselle rs making her experienced and competent! Click here to check it out Shayla Raquel!All of these writing blogs have something unique to offer that you won’t find any anywhere else. When it comes to learning any craft especially writing it’s important to broaden your search and learn as much as you can from as many talented minds as you can.ARE YOU READY TO BECOME AN AUTHOR ON YOUR OWN?Your writing blog and expertise could be up here one day with some of the best!But you have to commit to taking action and writing your book first.And we’re here to help you on your journey to write, market, and publish your book. But only if you’re serious about making this a reality.

Week 3 Questions Essays - Business Economics, Management Accounting

Week 3 Questions Essays - Business Economics, Management Accounting Week 3 Questions Christina McBee ACC 400 December 18, 2017 Arlene Murphy Week 3 Questions 20.1 a. The level of sales at which revenue exactly equals costs and expenses Break Even Point b. Costs that remain unchanged despite changes in sales volume Fixed Costs c. The span over which output is likely to vary and assumptions about cost behavior generally remain valid Relevant Range d. Sales revenue less variable costs and expenses Contribution Margin e. Unit sales price minus variable cost per unit Unit Contribution Margin f. The reduction in unit cost achieved from a higher level of output Economies of Scale g. Costs that respond to changes in sales volume by less than a proportionate amount. Semi-variable Costs h. Operating income less variable costs None 20.7a. Contribution margin ratio. (30-6)/30 =.8 is a 20% contribution margin b. Sales volume required to break even. 360000/20%= $ 1,800,000 need to be sold to break even c. Sales volume required to earn an annual operating income of $440,000. 360,000+440,000=800,000/20%= $4,000,000 needs to be sold to earn an operating income of $440,000 d. The margin of safety if annual sales total 60,000 units. 1,800,000/20%= 9,000,000 Sales for 60,000= 1,800,000 Margin of safety is 1,800,000-= 1,800,000 e. Operating income if annual sales total 60,000 units. 1,800,000x20%= $360,000 21.2 Home Depot closing its doors in the China Market caused a $10 million opportunity costs. With the closing of the store, merchandise had to be marked down and the $10 million is the amount of the markdowns, which would have actually been sold if the store had remained open. The sunk costs and the incremental costs would be the remaining $135 million, which would be from things that can not be avoided. 21.6 Fixed Costs 60,000 60,000 Variable Costs 75,000 0 $6 (Per Unit) 90,000 Total 135,000 150,000 The company should continue to produce the product, as they save $15,000 in costs if they do not outsource the product. 22.9 There are 3 characteristics that should be apparent at an accounting level for a company. The first is a budget. There must be a budget in place for every aspect of the business, from the toilet paper for employees, to the amount of labor spent. The second characteristic is timely performance reports. Every company should have some sort of system in place to gather reports on the successes and failures of the business. These reports can include but are not limited to cash flow statements, profit and loss statements, and balance sheets. The third characteristic is the measuring of performance. Each business, or store in this case, should be held accountable for certain performance measures. The responsibility accounting system at Cold Moo could be improved by implementing more of a accountability ratio for each store, as they are not incurring all of the costs that the corporate office is incurring, as far as distribution costs and such. By holding those stores more accountable, th e corporate office should see improvements in the bottom line. 22.1 A. Entire Company Solid Division % of Solid Division Sales Powdered Division % of Powdered Division Sales Sales $1,720,000 $850,000 100% $870,000 100% Contribution Margin $861,000 $382,500 45% $478,500 55% Product Line Fixed Costs $425,000 $175,000 20% $250,000 28% Common Fixed Costs $250,000 $125,000 15% $125,000 14% The responsibility margin for the solid division is at 80% (45+15+20) whereas the responsibility margin for the powdered division is at 97% (55+28+14). B. In looking at both divisions, it would seem that the more profitable of the two would be the solid division. After costs, the solid division leaves a 20% profit, with the powdered division only leaving a 3% profit. C. Entire Company Solid Division % of Solid Division Sales Powdered Division % of Powdered Division Sales Sales $1,820,000 $900,000 100% $920,000 100% Contribution Margin $911,000 $405,000 45% $506,000 55% Fixed Costs Product Lines $425,000 $175,000 20% $250,000 27% Fixed Costs Common $250,000 $125,000 14% $125,000 14% Advertising $15,000 $15,000 2% $15,000 2% After factoring in an advertising cost, the solid line will have a responsibility margin of 81% and the powdered will have a responsibility margin of 98%. Adding the advertising costs to each division only raised the margin by 1% on either side. I would suggest that the company advertise the solid line as the cost margin

The Personal and Professional Development of Students Essay

The Personal and Professional Development of Students - Essay Example My decision to appeal is mainly motivated by the fact that it has always been my cherished desire to pursue my higher academic qualifications from the university. The university is renowned for its personalized and excellent academic programs that significantly contribute to the personal and professional development of students. I strongly believe that my consistent high grade of 3.89 GPA in the academic programs and nomination to the Dean’s list would be a vital element in the reconsideration process. Moreover, last fall, I was not able to complete pre-calculus class (Math 43) due to ill health which was probably an important factor in my rejection. The calculus sequence would be completed by the summer, thus fulfilling all major requirements for the transfer. I am a self-driven individual with a passion for learning and tend to use paradoxical thinking to seek an innovative solution to mundane problems. I have actively participated in the Honors Program and Phi Theta Kappa t o push myself to a higher limit and motivate peers. Most importantly, the various modules of the course curricula are designed to provide persons with a strong knowledge-based degree which would facilitate more efficient and accurate decision-making process in the professional field in the area of economics and management. This would considerably complement my basic inquisitive nature and empower me with skills and information that can be applied to current situations and areas within personal and professional lives. I sincerely believe that the degree programs would be the right choice for me and help me realize my dreams and meet the challenges of time with great success.

Assessing Reading and Language Instruction Research Paper

Assessing Reading and Language Instruction - Research Paper Example The children will continue to read pictures and to improve their basic comprehension skills. First Grade Observation In my observation of the first grade classroom the students’ desks were setup in groups of six. The teachers’ desk was placed by the classroom door. The room was decorated with many posters and projects that the children had completed. The room had many bulletin boards that were used for classroom jobs and notes that the students could look at like the lunch menu and any important classroom events that they can pass on to their parents. Some bulletin boards were to show off their art work in the other areas of the curriculum. There was an independent reading area, a game area, a listening area for stories and music, an art area and a writing area. There was a section of the classroom that could be used to practice the skills with the other students and/or the teacher. The area for direct reading instruction was in the front of the room but to the left whe re there were many charts with the necessary skills that they are going to learn on the journey to learn reading. The teacher also led shared reading experiences here along with language experience where the students could share a story they â€Å"wrote† to the class. There was also a variety of books of all classifications that they can choose and read from. . Reading Instruction and the Curriculum Used In a first grade classroom Reading is considered a subject where students will learn to use word recognition skills and learn about consonants and vowels through Phonics and the Bottom- up theory to Reading. Reading is a subject that must build on what the children already know. These children will bring what they learned at home from watching their parents reading the newspaper, writing notes and lists, reading the mail they received like they did in preschool and Kindergarten. The teacher will need to assess these children to see what the level they will be at during the sc hool year. The children will need to start to make relationships between the pictures and words and to put these ideas together to understand a story that they are reading. The children will learn that the alphabet is the beginning of words. The first grader learns that letters and their arrangement matters in the words that they are learning and reading. First graders are still emergent readers and they will want to learn how to spell and then write the words that they are learning. The first grade classroom teacher must give plenty of opportunities to read and write words. They will learn that reading and writing is their way of communication. They will learn about the concepts of print and that the print represents the spoken words, they have boundaries, and are read from left to right. (Gunning, 2005) Reading can be taught in the classroom by using direct instruction and by using learning centers that were around the classroom. They will also use learning centers for Art, Music and even Computer education. The children can practice their reading and writing using their Dolch Vocabulary List and continue to practice even more sight words. Using these words the children can read and write notes and letters and drawing pictures. Reading is for exploration. â€Å"When the parents and/or the teacher read to the children they learn and develop vocabulary, expand their experiental background and makes them aware of the language of books and introduces them to basic concepts of print

A Study of Internal and External Effects on Entrepreneurship in The Dissertation

A Study of Internal and External Effects on Entrepreneurship in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example The development of the telecommunication technology since the beginning of the current century has played a major role in the process of bringing a massive technological evolution and enhancement in the lives of the masses around the world. The rising level of internet connectivity and Wi-Fi penetration in various markets and regions around the world along with the factor of rising popularity of various sophisticated technology enabled gadgets like the Smartphones, tablets and laptops has played the role of a major catalyst in diffusing the technological and communication related advancement in markets around the world. It is important to state that the high levels of internet connectivity coupled with the rising acceptance of various end user technological devices has helped in the process of transforming the world in to a single highly connected entity. As a result of this technological transformation in to a well connected single virtual entity, various new trends are emerging fro m marketplaces around the world. The new trends which are emerging in the markets of both developed as well as emerging regions are often a by product of globalization as well as new innovation of incremental or radical nature in case of product or services. The rising globalization powered innovative product and service trends are playing an important role in triggering the consumer demand for various innovative products and services in the globally connected markets. As a result of the growing demand for new kinds of products and services in markets around the world, various new opportunities of business are emerging on a regular basis. To tap the new business opportunities that are emerging in various international markets, business organizations and enterprises located in different markets around the world are focusing on engaging in cross border trade activities like engaging in trade export or directly entering the new markets of growth. With the entry of new players of foreig n orientation in a particular market, the dynamics of market competition gets enhanced in a tremendous manner. The entry of new players in the market significantly increases the availability of homogeneous products and services in the markets, which directly leads to a rise of substitute products and services for the consumers. As a result, it can be simply said that the rise of consumer choices alters the power dynamics existing in the market from the sellers to the buyers. Apart from the rise of competition in various new markets, it is very important to consider the multiple macroeconomic issues that currently exist in the global markets. The current trends reveal that the growth prospects in most of the developing economies has slowed down in the recent times because of the influence of a variety of factors like high debt, corruption, tremendous currency fluctuations as well as lack of proper policy development. A region by region analysis of the various macroeconomic factors

The Influence of Loyalty Programs on Customer Loyalty in Banking Dissertation

The Influence of Loyalty Programs on Customer Loyalty in Banking Sector in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example The research topic aims at identifying the importance and impact of loyalty programs on customer loyalty in the banking sector of the United Kingdom. In order to examine the research topic, the researcher collected secondary information from academic books, journals and past research papers. The secondary data stated that loyalty programs play an important role in earning the loyalty of customers along with enhancing their satisfaction level. However, customer loyalty in the banking sector is dependent on multiple factors like effectiveness of financial products and services, communication channels, personalised services and attention and nature and benefits of loyalty programs. The banking sector of the United Kingdom has been affected by the financial crisis of 2008-10 that made many customers to lose their trust and loyalty. However, banks like HSBC, Barclays and Royal Bank of Scotland have been offering multiple loyalty programs with large numbers of them based on loyalty cards. Based on the research findings, it was assumed that customer loyalty can only be enhanced through increasing the satisfaction level of customers along with offering appropriate products and services in a cost effective manner. Loyal customers are not always productive to organsiations as productivity depends on buying behaviour. It is important to target customers who have been loyal along with an enhanced and positive buying behaviour. The study also revealed that customer should be empowered at every stage of the buying in order to make them feel privileged and special. This will help in earning their commitment and loyalty that will strengthen the operational framework. Loyalty programs introduced by banks do impact the loyalty level of customers but the important thing is to retain their loyalty for a long period of time in order to grow and develop at a speedy pace. It is important to earn their trust and commitment rather to stay

The film Circus as directed by Grigori Aleksandrov Essay

The film Circus as directed by Grigori Aleksandrov - Essay Example The jealous master eavesdrops in the conversation through a window and the acrobat goes to find out, only for them to stares at each other in utter disdain before the window is covered in snow. First, the camera illuminates the fast movement then the beating, and suddenly the shift to the ground as the woman falls. The angle at which the camera is held clearly brings out the movements at the stage and with absolute clarity. An aerial view in this scene was picked to show the woman on the ground and a direct view was also presented to highlight the actors. Tilting the camera from sideways has also been achieved well. The initial impact of the scene is to portray the social treatment of women in the Soviet Union. It brings out the disdain to the certain classes of people by their superior counterparts. The scene brings out social classification in the Soviet and how different races were regarded with contempt in that era. The scene is an integral part to the film as a whole and clearly elucidates the shift from social discrimination to integration. It is important to the plot and characterization of the film both as a comedy and as harsh and cool characters are both outlined clearly to the theme. The shots are clears and the mono lighting is well contracted such that actors are brought out. The sound is not too loud and the pitch is well modulated such that the singers use a crescendo when necessary. The wailing of the child and the singing are well to create a proper scene.

The Influence of Loyalty Programs on Customer Loyalty in Banking Dissertation

The Influence of Loyalty Programs on Customer Loyalty in Banking Sector in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example The research topic aims at identifying the importance and impact of loyalty programs on customer loyalty in the banking sector of the United Kingdom. In order to examine the research topic, the researcher collected secondary information from academic books, journals and past research papers. The secondary data stated that loyalty programs play an important role in earning the loyalty of customers along with enhancing their satisfaction level. However, customer loyalty in the banking sector is dependent on multiple factors like effectiveness of financial products and services, communication channels, personalised services and attention and nature and benefits of loyalty programs. The banking sector of the United Kingdom has been affected by the financial crisis of 2008-10 that made many customers to lose their trust and loyalty. However, banks like HSBC, Barclays and Royal Bank of Scotland have been offering multiple loyalty programs with large numbers of them based on loyalty cards. Based on the research findings, it was assumed that customer loyalty can only be enhanced through increasing the satisfaction level of customers along with offering appropriate products and services in a cost effective manner. Loyal customers are not always productive to organsiations as productivity depends on buying behaviour. It is important to target customers who have been loyal along with an enhanced and positive buying behaviour. The study also revealed that customer should be empowered at every stage of the buying in order to make them feel privileged and special. This will help in earning their commitment and loyalty that will strengthen the operational framework. Loyalty programs introduced by banks do impact the loyalty level of customers but the important thing is to retain their loyalty for a long period of time in order to grow and develop at a speedy pace. It is important to earn their trust and commitment rather to stay

Evaluate the role of violence in the US counter-culture Essay

Evaluate the role of violence in the US counter-culture - Essay Example Jobs were plentiful and the advances in technology that were rapidly filling all the dreams of a consumerist society filled homes with products that were making life easier and creating a world in which survival was no longer the primary concern. As the ‘utopian’ nature of the new technologically advanced world began to move forward, however, many people needed to find new challenges outside of the needs of survival in order to motivate achievement. Some of those challenges included revolutionizing the culture and in the 1960’s, movements that worked towards emancipating the culture from oppressions that were suppressing the rights of women and those of minority races began to rise. In addition, the Vietnam conflict was providing a resource from which to galvanize many people towards looking at the government with a more critical eye. The war provided fuel for those who believed that the motivations of the government in the use of its people no longer represented the best interests of the nation. The time period of the 1960’s was framed by a society that was trying to find a way in which to best situate the culture in order to provide for the most enlightened version of the American ideals. Emancipating women, African Americans, Hispanics, the military, and even attitudes about sex seemed to be the way toward creating a society that no longer impressed upon some of its people oppression that prevented them from reaching their goals within the context of the ‘American dream’. What had seemed so perfect in the 1950’s was revealed for a facade that was hiding a plethora of social problems that could now be revealed as the freedoms that technology and the rise of the media presented an open door through which causes could stake their claims and make social revolutions out of injustices that were occurring. The media arts, such as literature and film, began to reflect the desires of those who were firmly situated in the counterculture revolutions of the period, expressing anger through violence. The expressions of violence created a sensationalized point of view, however, often galvanizing people in a direction that did not promote improvement of society but that incited anarchy. The connection between social revolution and violence in film and literature is defined by the shifts that can be observed in the cultural attitudes of the 1960’s and the 1970’s. Specific changes, especially and readily available in the example of film, provide a frame for understanding how society changed from a glossy representation of idealized values to a peeled back, raw version of social construction in which the flaws of the culture were finally exposed. In exposing those flaws, however, the artful representations became increasingly violent having an effect on the way in which some people would view the causes, some who were against those causes and others who were part of the movement. 2. Charles St arkweather In 1958 Charles Starkweather and his girlfriend Caril Anne Fugate, both teenagers with the girl being only fourteen, went on a murderous spree that shook the image of security that people of the United States had about their relationships with law, safety, and with the control that they felt that they had over their society. The late 1950’s represented a time in penal history where reforms were being considered as the nature of the criminal mind was discussed in terms of society’s responsibility in forming individuals who were inclined

Food production Essay Example for Free

Food production Essay There are staggering numbers of people all over the world who experience hunger. Many people believe that hunger is caused by the insufficient supply of food. More importantly, it is assumed that due to the large population of the world, an inadequate amount of food is produced. However, this is a completely false assumption for as Robbins said, â€Å"There is enough food in the world to feed 120 percent of the world’s population on a vegetarian diet. † (Robbins, p. 178) This fact then brings about the question, if there is enough food, then why do so many people go hungry? The answer lies in the economics of food production. Food is now a capitalist commodity. Therefore, the production of food must be seen as the production of any other market commodity. Food production is not driven by global need, it is driven by market demand. As Robbins mentioned, â€Å"Food production is not determined necessarily by the global need for food; it is determined by the market for food. † (Robbins, p. 186) Looking at food production from this perspective will reveal the factors that affect the production of food. The market for food refers to the number of people that have the means to buy and pay for food. However, since a large segment of the population lives in poverty, there are very few people who can afford food. Since it is demand that determines the amount of food to be produced, the lower demand translates to lesser food production. Producers do not want to produce at a maximum level because it will mean an over-production. This will result to lower prices and ultimately lower productivity. Another factor that affects food production is the fact that farmers tend to use land to produce non food crops such as tobacco and corn as well as for crops that are marginally nutritious. (Robbins, p 186) The choice of what crops to plant relies on what the market demands. For instance, farmers tend to prioritize planting coffee for there is a large global demand for this. Coffee produced in agricultural countries in Africa is not necessarily for local consumption; it is produced because the more affluent nations demand it. Farmers consider the profitability of producing certain crops and coffee production is considered to be more profitable than vegetable production. Another example is soy bean. Soy bean is not as nutritious as vegetables. However, since there is a market for this crop in the more developed countries, farmers tend to plant this rather than vegetables. A more concrete and evident example of how market demand drives food production is the production of beef. Robbins discussed why Mexican farmers tend to concentrate on beef production. â€Å"People in Mexico go hungry because land is devoted to the production of beef, which few Mexicans can afford, but which brings high prices in the United States. † (Robbins, p. 186) The rationale behind this is that food production is driven by the demands of the markets that have the money to buy food. There is no question that there is enough food to feed the world. Hunger cannot be attributed to the inadequate amount of food. Hunger is a result of an economic problem. Lack of food on the plate is a result of the lack of money to buy food. Food production is no longer determined by the need for it by everyone. It is driven by what people who have the means to buy food demand and want. Food has become a commodity rather than a necessity. The solution of the problem of hunger lies not in production but in distribution. As Robbins (p. 187) said, â€Å"Rather than seeing hunger or famine as a failure of production, we can focus on a failure of distribution†¦ The goal is simply to establish, reestablish, or protect entitlements, the legitimate claim to food. † Reference: Robbins, R. (2007). Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. pp 177-187.

The importance of the theory of Keynesian Economics

The importance of the theory of Keynesian Economics The theory of economics called Keynesian Economics, or Keynesianism, is named after the British economist John Maynard Keynes. Keynes lived from 1883 1946, and was considered the greatest and most influential economist of the 20th century. (Kangas, 1996). It was the use of the Keynesian Theory of economics by the government that was a strong influence of the Great Depression coming to an end. Because of this, he is known as the father of modern economics. (Kangas, 1996). When Keynes first suggested the use of his theory to help solve the problems of the Great Depression, he was not met with the same enthusiasm. Because of the incredible size and widespread effects of the Great Depression, many felt that any cause of such devastation must be as complicated as the results. Keynes, however, had a simple explanation of the cause of the Great Depression. In fact, upon sharing his theory with President Franklin Roosevelt, the President dismissed his words by saying that such a theory is too easy. (Kangas, 1996). The theory for which was considered too easy (Kangas, 1996) by President Roosevelt was actually fairly simple. In regards to the explanation of slumps in the economy, Keynes had a simple reasoning. Keynes explained that in any normal economy, the level of employment is high, and therefore the earnings of the people are spent as usual, meaning there is a circular flow of money in the economy. With this circular flow, the money spent by one person becomes the income of another person, and those earnings are spent and become the earnings of the previous person. However, when something happens in the economy to worry consumers and shake their confidence, those consumers will then decide to save their money instead of spending it to prepare for whatever lies ahead. Unfortunately the saving of that consumer will affect other people because the money saved instead of spent is no longer given to the intended person. When people save instead of spend, it affects others that are no longer gett ing the expected income, and they will then start saving themselves. It becomes a viscous circle which makes the times and economy more difficult. (Kangas, 1996). With the obviously negative effects that a slump would cause within an economy, Keynes devised a cure for the problem. The cure for this problem, which is also considered to be quite simple, is for banks to increase or expand the supply of money. By doing so, the people would have more money, which would increase confidence in the economy by the consumer now having more earnings. With the increased confidence, people would begin to spend, which would re-establish the circular flow of money. (Kangas, 1996). The larger problem of the Great Depression, however, was much larger than that of a recession, or slump. Keynes belief of the depression was that it was actually a recession that had fallen into something called a liquidity trap. (Kangas, 1996). A liquidity trap is due to those people that choose to save their money rather than spend, and will continue to do so regardless of how much the supply of money is increased by the government. Due to the lack of consumer spending, Keynes believed that the government should then be the one doing the spending, since the consumers were not. This idea of increasing government spending was considered a final effort by the government to reestablish the circular flow of money. (Kangas, 1996). In Keynes own words, he called this last-ditch effort by the government, priming the pump. (Kangas, 1996). Although in the end Keynes theories were used to end the Great Depression, they were at first rejected. To many economists, the end of the Great Depression was caused by World War II, in which the United States started spending massive amounts of money on defense. Because of this, many say that wars are good for the economy. (Kangas, 1996). Wars are considered to cause an economic boom due to the massive amounts of spending during the war, which is in extent the definition of Keynesian spending. With Keynesian spending, the U.S. went to the greatest economic boom ever, from the greatest depression ever, all due to the theory of Keynesian Economics. The use of Keynesian Economics during this time was so successful that President Nixon declared, We are all Keynesians now. (Kangas, 1996). This view of Keynesian Economics was dominant from the 1940s to the 1970s, until others began to challenge this theory. (Boyes Melvin, 2008, p.347). In an explanation of Keynesian Economics by Alan S. Blinder (2008), he defines Keynesian Economics as a theory of total spending in the economy (called aggregate demand) and its effects on output and inflation. Upon researching Keynesian Economics, there appear to be many principal ideas to the theory. The first idea, or belief, is that aggregate demand is influenced by a host of economic decisions both public and private and sometimes behaves erratically. (Blinder, 2008). These economic decisions are based on things like spending and taxes. Many economists believe that both taxes and spending affect aggregate demand. (Blinder, 2008) Another belief of Keynesian Economics is that changes in aggregate demand, whether anticipated or unanticipated, have their greatest short-run effect on real output and employment, not on prices. (Blinder, 2008). This idea is shown when inflation slowly rises as unemployment falls. This belief of Keynesians is that what can be seen in the short run is not necessarily the same as the long run. Also, due to the rigidity of prices, any changes or fluctuations in spending, whether by government spending, investment, or consumption, will cause a change or fluctuation of output. For example, if there is an increase in government spending, then an increase in output should occur, as long as the other areas of spending are constant. (Blinder, 2008). In addition, this model of Keynesian economics also has a multiplier effect. With this multiplier effect, output increases by a multiple of the original change in spending that caused it. (Blinder, 2008). For this multiplier to work, however, it must not be less than zero. Also, in yet another belief of Keynesians is that prices, and especially wages, respond slowly to changes in supply and demand, resulting in periodic shortages and surpluses, especially of labor. (Blinder, 2008). In this belief, it is stated that flexibility is limited in terms of wages and prices, no matter the arrangements. (Blinder, 2008) These beliefs are all included in the theory of Keynesian Economics. Although this theory was greatly used during the 1940s to the 1970s, it became much less commonly used, and was replaced with other economic theories. Since then, however, the theory of Keynesian Economics had made a comeback. The main reason for this comeback was due to the ability of this theory to explain the events that have happen since the end of the Great Depression better than many other economic theories. (Blinder, 2008). In conclusion, the theory of Keynesian Economics was an extremely important part of the history of the economy. This theory was an enormous part of the end of the Great Depression. It also was a key in giving an explanation to the various changes in the economy, such as slumps and recessions. While not all economists may agree that this theory is the way to correct problems in the economy, it was very obviously the correct theory needed for its time. Because of the importance of this theory, the creator of the theory, John Maynard Keyes, is considered the father of modern economics. (Kangas, 1996).

IQ and the Controversy Concerning Human Intelligence :: Biology Essays Research Papers

IQ and the Controversy Concerning Human Intelligence Human intelligence is an eel-like subject: slippery, difficult to grasp, and almost impossible to get straight [3]. Many scientist and psychologist have made numerous attempts to come up with an explanation for the development of human intelligence. For many years, there has been much controversy over what intelligence is and whether it is hereditary or nurtured by the environment. Webster's dictionary defines intelligence as "the ability to acquire and apply knowledge; which includes a sensing an environment and reaching conclusions about the state of that environment [7]. In this paper I am going to examine the factors, which make up ones intelligence. I will be investigating whether or not intelligence is fostered by genetic heritance or nurtured by ones environment. "There can be of course no serious doubt that differences in environment experiences do contribute to variation in IQ [5]. The environment is made of circumstances, objects, and conditions by which a human, animal, plant or object are surrounded in science. It has been argued that the environment in a child's developing years could in fact be a factor that will determine this IQ. In a study of adoptive and biologically related familys psychologist Scarr and Weinberg recognized that with children between 16 and 22 years of age, environment was more powerful in influencing IQ level in the young child, than the young adult. Scarr and Weinberg reasoned that "environment exerts a greater influence on children, who have little choice; as they age, diversity age, diversity and availability of choices expands, and if these choices are at least partially determined by genetic factors, the influence of environment is there by diminished. Heritability is a term from the population of genetics. It refers to"the capability of being passed from one generation to the next [1]. Intelligence has for centuries been considered as fixed trait. A number of investigators have taken an approach that intelligence is highly heritable, transmitted through genes [3]. Kinship studies have shown that the habitability of IQ is significantly less than 1.0, and recent attempts to model kinship correlation especially in children have agreed that IQ is influenced both by the child's parent and the environment. Other factors such as parental affection, birth order, gender differences, and experiences outside the family, accidents, and illnesses may account for IQ. Writer of Hereditary Genius, Francis Galton developed a theory know as the "genius theory.

Journeys End by RC Sheriff :: essays research papers

Journey’s End The conditions of war. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wet, muddy and dirty trenches, usually infested with rats. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shortage of food and water supplies, they have to be disinfected with pepper/alcohol. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Officers lived in poor conditions; in dugouts- they had no proper beds. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Officers rotated every six days between the trenches. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The soldiers need to be ready at all times since the war is ongoing, therefore they are always dressed in their uniforms. The way the war was conducted. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Orders came in from the Headquarters, to carry out the raids in order to get information about the Germans. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each side sometimes wait for each other to attack, this creates stress and pressure for the soldiers. During those intervals, the soldiers are often bored and they have no way to alleviate their boredom. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Commander of the Infantry discusses the attack plans with the Sergeant Major, who transmits the orders to the infantry. Relationships between officers and men. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They have an easy camaraderie between each other. They act as support groups for each other. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social class influences the relationships between the officers and the men. The officers are from the middle-class, the infantry/platoon from working-class. They are aware of their positions and act accordingly. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The officers maintained the ‘stiff-upper-lip’- they did not show their emotions in front of their soldiers. Relationship between the front-line and the Headquarters. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HQ gave orders to carry out to the soldiers in the front-lines. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Colonel acted as the intermediary between the HQ and the Commanding officers. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Commanding officers had to send daily reports to the HQ to keep them informed about the situation in the front-lines. The effects of stress.

Geometric Design Of Rural Roads Engineering Essay

It is a good known fact that route accidents in South Africa are serious causes of concern. Harmonizing to the latest accident statistics at that place has been an addition in the figure of human deaths. Harmonizing to the article on the Arrive Alive web site ( Road decease toll ‘unacceptable ‘ ) [ 1 ] dated 3 January 2010, Transport Minister Sibusiso Ndebele is disappointed with the route decease toll, stating that one human death on the state ‘s roads is one excessively many. Preliminary statistics released by the section on 2 January 2010 revealed that 1050 people had died in route related incidents during December 2009.N3Road safety is non merely a major concern for South Africa but so a concern that requires the immediate attending of other states worldwide. The Commission for Global Road Safety has during June 2006 presented a study titled â€Å" Make Roads Safe † [ 2 ] that could hold an consequence on the manner we approach route safety. The study aims to concentrate on political and public attending and relates to the planetary route traffic hurt epidemic that claims the lives of 1.2 million people and hurts around 50 million yearly. Table: Gay period figures – December 2008StateClangFatalitiesDriversPassengersPedestriansSumGeneral practitioner 206 69 58 105 232 KZN 194 44 95 109 248 WCP 104 35 38 51 124 ECP 117 36 56 53 145 FST 83 30 42 35 107 MPU 131 65 52 44 161 NWP 81 28 38 40 106 LIM 132 59 80 35 174 NCP 24 9 19 5 33 1073 371 478 471 1331 Beginning: Traffic Focus March 2008, p38, â€Å" Fatal Road Accident Statistics † by Cielie Karow ( RTMC ) The study besides indicates that unsafe roads have a important impact on developmental aims, particularly because of the huge economic and societal cost of route clangs to low and in-between income states. South Africa is in this class. It is of import that the cognition gained by high income states be transferred and implemented in South Africa. The N3 path is a popular path during vacations and with high volumes of rider and cargo traffic on the roads, there is prone to be serious and fatal accidents. Road fury, velocity and driver behaviors are non the lone cause of these accidents. Holiday periods are by and large during the rainy season and route elements, particularly drainage, contribute to accidents.SuperelevationThere are changing point of views and sentiments among civil technology professionals on the use of superelevation values given in the TRH 17 [ 3 ] and SANRAL ‘s Geometric Design Guidelines [ 4 ] . The geometric design considerations need to be reviewed particularly when it relates to route surface drainage at points where the route has no crossfall during development of superelevation. Presently the SANRAL Drainage Manual, 5th Edition Final Revision, p5-2 [ 5 ] recommends that the flow deepness during a 1:5 twelvemonth storm should non transcend 6mm. This is in contrast to the Highway Drainage Manual ( FHWA-TS-79-225 ) [ 6 ] recommendation of 4mm. Harmonizing to Highway Surface Design ( Transit New Zealand ) Manual [ 7 ] , the critical deepness for aquaplaning scopes from 4mm to 10mm depending on Sur and paving surfacing. The surface H2O deepness hence, should be restricted to 4mm for all but particular state of affairss where superelevation produces long, curved flow waies. There are three common particular state of affairss where surface H2O deepness may go critical, viz. , horizontal alliance curvature, intersections and inclines and superelevation development.2.2 Why is th e research being undertaken?Standards for superelevation where steep perpendicular classs have a direct consequence on drainage on horizontal curves have non been developed harmonizing to the TRB [ 8 ] . Drain jobs associated with superelevation has resulted in an addition ( particularly at route broadenings ) in vehicular accidents and a thorough survey of the surface H2O flow waies on route surfaces due to superelevation demands need to be farther investigated, researched and analysed. The proposed analysis and context of the research proposal will place the factors such as velocity impacting the vehicle kineticss at crisp or decreased horizontal curves where flow waies of surface H2O are debatable and can take to aquaplaning. Driver behavior during aquaplaning in concurrence with the geometric design of the roadway are factors considered in the research. This survey will be done under heavy vehicular traffic conditions during inauspicious conditions conditions. ‘Context Sensitive Design ‘ ( CSD* ) [ 9 ] for the geometric design of safer roads will be addressed in the research survey.2.3 How will the consequences add to the organic structure of cognition?The TRH 17 papers was compiled to be a design guideline for the geometric design of rural roads in penchant to criterions. An aim of the TRH 17 was to continuously amend the bill of exchange papers, through audience between the governments, treatment with practicians and ongoing research. This has non happened. It is common pattern by geometric interior decorators to utilize the TRH 17 papers for the design of rural roads without oppugning the values obtained in the tabular arraies and graphs. The cogency of the guidelines should be judged by t he geometric interior decorator in each specific state of affairs every bit good as the effects of going from the values suggested. Similarly SANRAL ‘s Geometric Design Guidelines have been developed to help design advisers. The inceptions of the guidelines stem from AASHTO [ 10 ] . Currently there is no criterions developed for SA and these guidelines are authority specific.Literature reappraisalThe literature reappraisal will depict the current province of cognition on the component and will be researched. Applicable literature listed hereunder have been identified. * † Context sensitive design ( CSD ) asks inquiries foremost about the demand and intent of the transit undertaking, and so every bit addresses safety, mobility, and the saving of scenic, aesthetic, historic, environmental, and other community values. CSD involves a collaborative, interdisciplinary attack in which citizens are portion of the design squad. †3.1 Reference certificationRefer to list of mentions ( 11.3 List of Mentions ) .How will the literature reappraisal nexus with the job statement and research aims?The literature reappraisal gives a background and base cognition to develop in this research survey.Case surveyAs portion of the on-going committedness towards route safety, convenience and mobility, N3TC conducted a comprehensive route safety audit in 2006 [ 11 ] which highlighted velocity as the chief cause of accidents at assorted locations along the N3 between Cedara and Heidelberg. Sections where velocity bounds are posted necessitates forbearance, approp riate decreases in velocity and full concentration on the portion of drivers. Accidents in these countries frequently occur because drivers lose control due to rushing, every bit good as the high velocity derived functions between heavy and light vehicles. Mist and inauspicious conditions conditions have a important impact of driver conditions. Van Reenen ‘s Pass is one of the most beautiful subdivisions of the N3 exceeding the escarpment between the Free State and Kwazulu-Natal renowned for its slippery and unstable roads ( peculiarly as a consequence of the frequent brumous conditions ) .The route is steep, really steep in topographic points, and turns and turns as it follows the cragged terrain. The conditions is risky at times with high air currents capable of blowing trains, light vehicles and light trucks onto their sides. Snow has on a figure of occasions wholly closed the Van Reenen ‘s Pass, whilst mist and rain on a regular basis cut down visibleness and render the route faithlessly unsafe. It is of peculiar involvement the visibleness of a figure of skid Markss on the route surfacing and guardrail replacing. Traffic, in peculiar heavy traffic, increases yearly as the economic system grows. Trucks unrelentingly ‘grind ‘ up and down Van Reenen ‘s Pass twenty-four hours and dark, while during extremum traffic periods every bit many as 3000 vehicles per hr use the base on balls. Using September 2004 to August 2006 statistics [ 12 ] , the day-to-day norm traffic was 9100 vehicles, of which 2600 were big trucks ( 5 axles or more ) , about a 3rd of all vehicles. During the month of December 2007 recorded at the Van Reenen ‘s Pass, the mean day-to-day traffic reached 11000. The velocity derived functions between trucks in low cogwheel and the powerful new coevals of light vehicles is highly awful, both up and down the base on balls. High velocity derived functions ( 76 % of drivers exceed the velocity bound on the base on balls ) and failure to accommodate velocity in relation to fortunes, have contributed to 70 % of all accidents on the base on balls over this period. Th e consequences do non portray a pretty image and from a route safety point of position, Van Reenen ‘s Pass is the individual most unsafe subdivision of the N3. N3TC has identified and addressed route safety on Van Reenen ‘s Base on balls from three points of position, viz. technology, instruction and enforcement [ 13 ] . N3TC has implemented intercessions to cut down the figure of accidents on the base on balls but presently the greatest causes of accidents is by vehicle softness ( inoperative brakes in peculiar ) , rear-end hits due to high velocity derived functions, unsafe inter-lane tactics and driver freak out in utmost conditions conditions.Elementss impacting safety at superelevationThe drainage conditions of the roadway in relation to the vehicle kineticss need to be farther investigated as superelevation along crisp horizontal curves with decreased sight distances presents a important degree of driver concentration. The driver tends to rectify the vehicular way. The surface stormwater run-off flow way along the horizontal curve effects natural braking forces which in bend can take to seaplaning ( or aquaplaning ) . Aquaplaning occurs when H2O force per unit areas build up in forepart of a traveling Sur ensuing in an uplift force sufficient to divide the Sur from the paving. During high strength rainfall events, a H2O movie builds up on the surface on the route. The hazard of vehicle aquaplaning additions as the deepness of this movie increases. The loss of maneuvering and drag force produced during aquaplaning may so do the vehicle to lose control, particularly when a guidance Sur is involved. Rainfall strength is the most of import environmental factor in hydroplaning. The hazard of dynamic aquaplaning is straight relative to the deepness of H2O in the route surface. This deepness is affected by a broad scope of factors that are contributed to by the environment such as the geometric design, paving design, drainage design and care and by the status of the vehicle. The geometry of the route has a big consequence on the H2O deepness and is the factor over which the geometric interior decorator has the most control. The length of clip H2O is able to remain on the route will act upon the deepness it achieves. Longer flow waies intend more clip to roll up rainfall and consequence in higher movie deepnesss. Changes in superelevation, reduced horizontal alliance and droop curves are some of the job countries where the incline is low or where H2O has to flux a long manner over the paving before being intercepted by a drainage system or dispersing into the next terrain. Superelevation alterations can ensue in long curving flow waies which may be debatable. Steeper longitudinal inclines can besides increase the flow way length and ensuing deepness. The paving texture deepness effects the H2O deepness by leting some of this H2O to flux between the sum or in channels supplying flow waies to let H2O in forepart of the Sur to be forced out under force per unit area. Porosity can besides be considered as some pavings such as open-graded porous asphalt allow H2O to run out through them, taking it off from the surface. Wheel path depressions have a important consequence on the drainage patterns increasing H2O deepness and concentrating flow. The N3 has changing pavement surfacing of which an analysis will be done sing the flow way on these surfaces. Pavement drainage solutions is indispensable to guarantee that no H2O is able to pond on the trafficable route surface, peculiarly in sag countries. This is critical in order to cut down the aquaplaning hazard. Vehicle features and behaviors are besides of import factors in aquaplaning. The velocity at which a vehicle needs to go to get down aquaplaning is determined by H2O deepness but besides by the vehicle ‘s weight and Sur features. The vehicle weight determines how much uplift force is needed to bring on separation and it follows that a lighter vehicle will aquaplane at a lower velocity. Higher Sur force per unit areas increase the aquaplaning velocity by cut downing the contact country between Sur and route, increasing the vehicle ‘s weight to country ratio. Tyre pace deepness besides affects aquaplaning the same manner as pavement texture, with deeper pace traveling the H2O off from the country of contact more efficaciously. While minimal tyre pace deepness and maximal velocity are both specified by jurisprudence, minimal weight and Sur force per unit areas are non. These are vehicle maker recommendations specific. In drumhead, drainage demands versus vehicle kineticss are the cardinal factors to be considered in the development of superelevation standards at decreased horizontal curves to minimise aquaplaning on the N3. Practical considerations such as Sur deepness, paving features and drainage solutions will be evaluated along the path. The assorted literature reviewed amplifies the demand for safer roads and the N3 is considered to be the most traveled path in South Africa.Research backgroundSignificant roadway debasement such as shining of sums, hemorrhage of bitumen and rutting depletes the clash supply available for cornering. This depletion consequences from the usage of a part of the clash supply to supply the necessary braking force required to keep velocity on the downgrade. The velocity of the vehicles on the roadway and the vehicle kineticss will necessitate to be analysed as differing vehicles have different clash forces exerted on the roadway. It can non be assumed that the relevant design standards for a auto is similar to that of a truck or frailty versa. As the Independent Engineer, my old audit studies [ 14 ] on the N3 has indicated the assorted surfacing failures. Skid Markss are significantly prevailing and N3TC/SANRAL/DOT accident studies will necessitate to be investigated as portion of the resea rch survey. It is noted from the TRH 17 that the design vehicle is a individual unit truck. This unwanted combination consequences in a important lessening in the border of safety ensuing from roadway class, particularly for heavy vehicles. On long or reasonably steep classs, drivers tend to go faster in the downgrade than in the upgrade way. Additionally, research has shown that the side clash demand is greater on both downgrades ( due to braking forces ) and steep ascents ( due to the grip forces ) . Downgrades on horizontal curves may be debatable, and that accommodation for it may be desirable in some instances. There are no guidelines as to how this accommodation should be made for two-lane or multilane divided or undivided roadways. Some accommodation in superelevation rates should be considered for classs steeper than 5 % . This accommodation is peculiarly of import on roadways with high truck volumes and on low-speed roadways with intermediate curves utilizing high degrees of side clash demand. The superelevation alteration proposition high spots that this accommodation be made by utilizing higher design velocities standards for the geometric design of the roadway. More unequivocal counsel on this accommodation, every bit good as accommodation for other elements of the horizontal curve, is needed. The design velocity versus minimal curve radii of horizontal curvature needs farther probe to guarantee safety on crisp horizontal curves taking the other related factors like superelevation, etc into consideration. The article published in the Pretoria News, â€Å" Wet conditions causes a spike in route accidents † [ 15 ] refers to the important addition in roadway accidents during showery conditions. The drainage demands and vehicle kineticss in relation to superelevation design of the roadway will be investigated and researched. I have consulted assorted professional applied scientists, engineers [ 16 ] and independent advisers [ 17 ] in the transit industry. The response received was favourable in footings of the demand for farther probes of superelevation in relation to drainage demands and vehicle kineticss for roadway geometric design.Research jobs and purposesI am presently the IE ( independent applied scientist ) and have audited the everyday route care points of the N3 for the past 3 old ages. As such, I have entree to some informations to analyze as portion of the survey. Assorted subdivisions of the N3 are presently being upgraded or rehabilitated to better the quality and lifetime of the route due to vehicular traffic additions. There is important freight motion. This has resulted in an addition in vehicular accidents. My point of view on the design considerations adopted on the N3 is subjective as driver safety factors and other extenuating hazards of vehicular accidents need to be farther investigated. From a geometric design analysis point of view, road-widening and general roadway rehabilitation are designed harmonizing to the bing roadway conditions and drainage jobs associated with superelevation is prevailing. Ponding has been recorded and ocular grounds is prevailing in certain countries. The general stormwater design standards should be viewed and analysed otherwise from the Kwazulu-Natal conditions as opposed to the Free-State and Gauteng conditions as the overflow rainfall strength and clip of concentration varies significantly. This survey will sketch and place the undermentioned conditions with specific superelevation standards development on the N3 path: Superelevation standards at steep gradients ( turn overing to cragged terrain ) with reduced/sharp horizontal curves ; Drain jobs associated with superelevation ; Flow waies on route surfaces due to superelevation ; and Speed and Vehicle kineticss at crisp horizontal curves. Steep classs at crisp horizontal curves presents a unsafe state of affairs for traffic. The two scenarios where this status is prevailing is at broken-back curves on cragged terrain ( Van Reenen ‘s Pass specifically and other identified countries ) with multi-lane, 2-way roads ( whether it is divided or undivided ) and/or high velocity downgrade at/before perpendicular droop curves. At these locations, the perplexing factors of vehicle â€Å" off-tracking † , pavement incline ( crossfall ) , and pavement clash tests the drivers ability to supply right vehicle positioning without compromising control of the vehicle. It has besides been recorded that air current has been a cause of accidents as the vehicles can non ‘grip ‘ onto the roadway ( particularly at ‘Windy Corner ‘ on the Van Reenen ‘s Pass. From old design considerations, accident-related jobs have arisen where, as a consequence of Reconstruction, bing main roads have been rebuilt utilizing the 8 % -10 % superelevation rates in conformity with current guidelines. The rate of superelevation development is nevertheless non reviewed or adjusted.Research methodological analysisThe research attack has a both qualitative and quantitative attack. The theoretical research will consist of mathematical analysis with mold and simulation. The current geometric design guidelines for rural roads ( TRH 17 and SANRAL ‘s Geometric Guidelines ) will be used as base certification for values in the research input. Case survey subdivisions of the N3 will be decided upon and N3TC, SANRAL and the DoT ( both national and provincial ) will be informed of the research survey. Data aggregation and statistical information will be sourced from the relevant governments with anterior consent. This research would necessitate: the reappraisal of current design guidelines ; the development of an action program to accomplish the research objectives ; the aggregation of statistical informations ( from SANRAL, N3TC, etc ) and other relevant information ; elaborate ocular appraisal and rating of the roadway subdivision ; Falling Weight Deflection ( FWD ) measurings will be performed at 50m intervals instead on the left and right exterior wheel paths along the subdivision identified ; rut and siting quality measurings will be measured in both wheel waies every bit good as texture deepness along the outside wheel way as portion of the FWD measurings ; Measurements of the stormwater sheet flow overflow deepnesss will be measured utilizing conventional agencies ; vehicle kineticss will be physically and theoretically analysed ; the rating of the effects of assorted options contextualized in geometric design guidelines and campaigner standards taking into consideration the CSD attack ; and the readying of extenuating hazards, route safety steps and concluding geometric design standards for superelevation, drainage demands taking into consideration the velocity and vehicle kineticss at sharp/reduced horizontal curves. The accident studies sourced by SANRAL/N3TC/DoT ‘s archives will be of import for the research survey. The possible restrictions could be the hold in recovering these accident studies and ocular appraisals will be carried out as an option.Research aimsThe aim of this research is to: analyse the velocity and vehicle kineticss at crisp horizontal curves ; develop drainage criterias for flow waies or deepnesss on route surfaces due to superelevation ; develop superelevation standards for steep classs on crisp horizontal curves by placing and analysing drainage jobs associated ; design safe roads from a geometric design point of view by taking factors such as clip, cost, quality, CSD into consideration ; and develop an independent package tool to help geometric interior decorators and governments in the civil technology industry. It is noted that other standards associated with the design of horizontal curves such as tangent-to-curve passages, the demand for paving broadening, and minimal curve radii would besides be considered in the development of the standards. The standards will be based on quantitative informations obtained from theoretic considerations and simulations and verified by existent field observation. The identified countries for the existent field observations will be done by going the path and monitoring of the N3. Accident statistics will be indispensable as fact-finding mention for the background of the research survey.Plan of research activitiesActivityThe activities to set about the research proposal will be to: expand literature survey ; collate statistical informations ; get permission for design informations from confer withing technology houses and SANRAL/N3TC/DoT archives ; coordinate with SANRAL/N3TC with regard to experimental countries identified ; analyse the design guidelines ( geometric and drainage ) for rural roads ; fix the roadway mold and simulation for the assorted superelevation standards taking into consideration the drainage demands and vehicle kineticss ; Analyse the sheet flow way ( hydraulic analysis ) for the drainage demands ( perpendicular class versus route width – at sharp/reduced horizontal curves ) – the Rational Method will be used ; Investigate the CSD of route rehabilitation undertakings in relation to geometric design considerations for future route rehabilitation and major building undertakings ( It is noted that the De Beer ‘s Pass will be constructed as an option to the Van Reenen ‘s Pass ) ; Analyse research findings and observations utilizing relevant package ; Synthesize the research findings, observations and consequences ; and Write the study.TimeframeThis research would take 18 months to finish.Potential end productsThe possible end products for the research survey will be to: Reduce or increase the superelevation values or rates, dependent on research end products, with regard to vehicle kineticss and roadway breadths ; Analyse the drainage flow waies as superelevation rates or values in relation to the drainage demands and vehicle kineticss will find the standards to be adopted for safe driver conditions ; The velocity versus vehicle kineticss analysis at crisp or decreased horizontal curves will supply suited guidelines for future rehabilitation and road-widening undertakings ; CSD findings and observations to be adopted in future route rehabilitation and major Reconstruction undertakings ; and Produce an independent package plan which will be exhaustively researched, tested and developed as a tool for geometric interior decorators and governments in the civil technology industry. This package can be integrated utilizing current technology package utilised by confer withing technology service suppliers, authorities establishments and assorted organisations will be investigated.Research resultsThe result of this research will help design advisers in finding a much easier and safer design attack to plan rehabilitation, road-widening and major building undertakings, by placing job countries and supplying appropriate design values. The recommended standards would be documented in the concluding study and besides presented in a signifier that could be used by assorted governments. Presentations will be made at national and international conferences, seminars or symposiums associating to geometric design of roads. Workshops and talks will be conducted or presented through educational institutes, CESA and other governments in the civil technology industry. The research survey will be published as an article in transit diaries and the research sum-up will be published in several magazines. I am of the sentiment that I envisage national acclamation for the research and part of the research outputs to constructing the cognition base in South Africa.Key mentions and certification11.1 Governments, Institutes and other beginning of mentionDepartment of Transport ( National and Provincial ) ( DoT ) Road Traffic Management Corporation ( Pty ) Ltd ( RTMC ) South African National Roads Agency Limited ( SANRAL ) N3 Toll Concession ( Pty ) Ltd ( N3TC ) Council for Scientific and Industrial Research ( CSIR ) Transport Research Board ( TRB ) American Society for Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) Consulting Engineers South Africa ( CESA ) Durban University of Technology ( DUT ) University of Stellenbosch ( SUN ) Aurecon SA ( Pty Ltd ( AURECON ) WSP SA Civil and Structural Engineers ( WSP ) 3D Compu-Systems ( 3DCS )11.2 Design Guidelines and StandardsTechnical Recommendations for Highways ( TRH 17 – Geometric Design of Rural Roads – Draft 1988 ) SANRAL Geometric Design Guidelines SANRAL Drainage Manual ( 5th Edition – to the full revised ) Design of Highway Drainage Manual ( FHWA-TS-79-225 ) AASHTO – A Policy on the Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 5th Edition ( 2004 )

Positive environment indoors and outdoors Essay

It’s comfortable, interesting, attractive and appropriate for the child or children who use it. For some children it becomes like a second home where they eat and sometimes sleep. A suitable environment for a young baby will be very different from a suitable environment for a four or five year old although some features will be the same. Environments should be attractive and make children feel safe and secure and happy to be there and they should also be places where children can confidently play and learn. Research framework that supports a positive environment for children At the heart of this framework is an approach which recognises the right of all young children to high quality relationships, environments and services which offer a holistic approach to meeting their needs. Such needs should be interpreted broadly and encompass play, learning, social relationships and emotional and physical wellbeing. This approach is important for all children but is of particular benefit in offering effective support to those children and families requiring higher levels of support. Early intervention has relevance to a wide range of social policy but it is particularly relevant in early years, which will often be the earliest and best opportunity to intervene. We have identified 4 principles of early intervention. In short, these are: †¢ we want all to have the same outcomes and the same opportunities; †¢ we identify those at risk of not achieving those outcomes and take steps to prevent that risk materialising; †¢ where the risk has materialised, we take effective action; †¢ we work to help parents, families and communities to develop their own solutions, using accessible, high quality public services as required Outcome 3 how to look after children’s skin, hair and teeth How does a positive environment and routine support children and their families emotional needs? It teaches children how to behave with people in general, so it would help children know how to communicate with their parents and families positively and how to speak to visitors politely. It could also help children to talk to staff about worries they have if the staff are positive and approachable. Having a positive environment also allows parents to talk to the staff and feel included and equal. why is it important for children to have physical and mental time? Basics for a child’s good physical health: Nutritious food Adequate shelter and sleep Exercise Immunizations Healthy living environment Basics for a child’s good mental health: Unconditional love from family Self-confidence and high self-esteem The opportunity to play with other children Encouraging teachers and supportive caretakers Safe and secure surroundings Appropriate guidance and discipline Give children unconditional love. Love, security and acceptance should be at the heart of family life. Children need to know that your love does not depend on his or her accomplishments. Mistakes and/or defeats should be expected and accepted. Confidence grows in a home that is full of unconditional love and affection. Nurture children’s confidence and self-esteem. Praise Them – Encouraging children’s first steps or their ability to learn a new game helps them develop a desire to explore and learn about their surroundings. Allow children to explore and play in a safe area where they cannot get hurt. Assure them by smiling and talking to them often. Be an active participant in their activities. Your attention helps build their self-confidence and self-esteem. Set Realistic Goals – Young children need realistic goals that match their ambitions with their abilities. With your help, older children can choose activities that test their abilities and  increase their self-confidence. Be Honest – Do not hide your failures from your children. It is important for them to know that we all make mistakes. It can be very re-assuring to know that adults are not perfect. Avoid Sarcastic Remarks – If a child loses a game or fails a test, find out how he or she feels about the situation. Children may get discouraged and need a pep talk. Later, when they are ready, talk and offer assurance. Encourage children – To not only strive to do their best, but also to enjoy the process. Trying new activities teaches children about teamwork, self-esteem and new skills. Encourage Children to Play To children, play is just fun. However, playtime is as important to their development as food and good care. Playtime helps children be creative, learn problem-solving skills and learn self-control. Good, hardy play, which includes running and yelling, is not only fun, but helps children to be physically and mentally healthy. Children Need Playmates Sometimes it is important for children to have time with their peers. By playing with others, children discover their strengths and weaknesses, develop a sense of belonging, and learn how to get along with others. Consider finding a good children’s program through neighbors, local community centers, schools, or your local park and recreation department. Parents Can be Great Playmates Join the fun! Playing Monopoly or coloring with a child gives you a great opportunity to share ideas and spend time together in a relaxed setting. Play for Fun  Winning is not as important as being involved and enjoying the activity. One of the most important questions to ask children is â€Å"Did you have fun?’’ not â€Å"Did you win?† In our goal-oriented society, we often acknowledge only success and winning. This attitude can be discouraging and frustrating to children who are learning and experimenting with new activities. It’s more important for children to participate and enjoy themselves Why is it important for children to have quiet and rest time? He body need  time each day to recover from all the activity it has been doing, this is achieved through sleep and rest. There are 3 levels of quiet period. -sleep times are especially required for babies and toddlers, try to make sure that daytime naps are planned for the early afternoon so that the child will still sleep at night. -rest periods are needed for toddlers and pre-school -queit activitites are essential for all age groups as a break between other activities and a chance to recuperate these include things such as story time, doing a quiet activity ort listening to music all of which should use material that is soothing and not stimulating. Older children may enjoy watching tv for a short period of time Explain the basic nutrional requirements of children and young people Plenty of fruit and vegetables – children’s growing bodies require good nutrition and fruit and veg contain a multiple of vitamins, minerals and other healthy compounds. Citrus fruits and strawberries are rich in immunce system boosting vitamin C, carrots are loaded with eye health vitamin A and spinach is a good source if iron. Eating well also decreases the chance of childhood obesitiy and encourages health life style. Plenty of potatoes, bread, rice ,pasta and other starchy foods-starchy foods are a good source of energy and the mains source of a range of nutrients in a child diet, as well as starch they contain fibre, calcium, iron and B vitamins. The protein helps a childs body to grow and repair itself, the fibre helps get rid of waste products, and B vitamins help release energy and help to body to work properly. Some milk and dairy foods-milk and dairy products provide calcium, phosphorous, magenesium and protein which are all essential for health bone growth and development which can prevent and protect children from diseases such as brittle bone disorder later in life. The amounts of calcium in dair products are also beneficial for the development and maitainance of health teeth. Some meat, fish, eggs ,beans and other non-dairy sources of protein- these foods are rich in protein which is needed for lots of functions throughout the body, it is also a good source of vitamin B12 and iron which will help prevent iron deficincy anaemia, which is a common condition found in children and can result in children having little energy and looking pale. Explain the governments guidance on a balanced nutritional diet? The UK’s national food guide, the eatwell plate, defines the government’s advice on a healthy balance diet. The eatwell plate is a visual representation of how different foods contribute towards a healthy balanced diet. The plate model has been tested extensively with consumers and health professionals. The size of the segments for each of the food groups is consistent with government recommendations for a diet that would provide all the nutrients required for a healthy adult or child (over the age of 5). The eatwell plate, based on the 5 food groups, makes healthy eating easier to understand by giving a visual representation of the types and proportions of foods needed for a healthy balanced diet. Choosing a variety of foods from within the 4 main food groups will add to the range of nutrients consumed. This includes: plenty of fruit and vegetables  plenty of bread, rice, potatoes, pasta and other starchy foods some milk and dairy foods  some meat, fish, eggs, beans and other non dairy sources of protein Foods and drinks high in fat and/or sugar are not essential to a healthy diet, and should be consumed only in small amounts. Full weeks menu for placement. Where would you store the information on the child/young person who has their dietary needs? This information is made clear to all memebers of staff as we all help with dinner time, it is also kept in the childs file and is kept in the kitchen and on the side of the fridge. Who would know this information? Everyone at nursery is made aware as well all take part in food times Explain the basic food safety when providing food and drink to children/young people? Cover food= food is kept covered at all times to stop any dust, or flies that may get onto the food. Food is also cover to stop if from going bad/stale before it is given out to the children Label children’s own items- if a child brings in their own food/drink it is recorded in the base room of that child’s diary it is made aware to all  members of staff that the food has been brought in for that specific child. It is labeled with the child’s full name and base room and is stored correctly In date= all food is checked daily for food that is going out of date or is out of date, we give food out from the dates which are closer to becoming out of date first. If food has become out of date it is thrown away. Provide plates=plates are touched with staff who wear gloves and are washed in the dishwasher whenever they are used, the plates are dried then put away is a cupboard Wear gloves/aprons when dealing with food= all memebers of staff who are in the conservatory have to wear gloves when giving out food or drink or helping children with their dinner. Aprons are worn by the cook when preparing all meals Let child/young people choose their own food= at placement we give the child an option of a different side either beans,spaghetti, rice or so on the child is shown two bowls and points to the bowl they want the child does not tough the food in the bowl and when had been given a bowl canot swap for something else. How should a baby’s bottle be warmed=babys bottles are warmed by either poorinh water into the kettle boiling it then added the the baby’s milk and left to cool or if able to the babys bottle is heated in the microwave and left to cool.